Tag Archives: James Hutton

Sand dunes but no beach; a Martian breeze

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A Recent barchan dune from northern NZ

When James Hutton in 1785 presented to the Royal Society of Edinburgh his ideas on the uniformity of earth processes (over vast tracts of time), he did so with both feet planted firmly on good Scottish ground.  Hutton’s Principle, for which Archibald Geikie later (1905) coined the phrase “The present is the key to the past” gave to geologists a kind of warrant to interpret the geological past using observations and experiments of processes we see in action today (see an earlier post for a bit more discussion on this philosophy).  One wonders whether either of these gentlemen gave thought to the Principle being used to interpret processes elsewhere in our solar system.

There is of course, no logical reason why we cannot use terrestrial environments and physical-chemical-biological processes to unravel the geology on our solar neighbours.  We may need to extend our thinking beyond purely earth-bound processes, but the Principle remains a starting point for scientific thinking, interpretation, and discovery.  Mars provides the perfect opportunity for this scientific adventure. Continue reading

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Dali Wasn’t Nuts; the Creativity of Science

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Art can be thought of as (among other things) the construction of sensory (conscious and subconscious) images; images conveyed by the artist or construed by the audience.  Science on the other hand is often thought of as the construction of hypotheses and theories, of grand ideas. In the vocabulary of science, words and phrases like logical analysis and objectivity are deemed central to the whole process of doing science and frequently are used to set it apart from other human endeavors, like art, at least in the minds of those who like such distinctions.  But images are also central to science. We create them whenever we talk of evolutionary lineages, of Schrodinger’s Cat, double helixes, nano-particles and atomic tunnels.  In my own discipline, whenever I think of James Hutton’s (1785) discovery of deep time (geological), I don’t think of him engrossed in syllogisms, but in some intriguing mix of reason and creative wondering at the world he observed.  The syllogisms probably came later.  There is creative thinking in science; it is the same creativity that emboldens the painter and poet to explore the internal and external universe they see. Creativity is not just a useful add-on to the progression of science, its so-called method; it is a vital part of discovery and invention.  Without it science would be little more than a collection of data. These ideas are not new; many scientists have espoused them. But they are worth reiterating. Continue reading

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When Time Goes Missing

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The value of missing timeA thick succession of shale, sandstone and conglomerate

Geological time that has gone missing

When you next look at sedimentary strata exposed in a hillside, cliff or road-cut, don’t just think of it as a pile of rock but as an expression of time; the length of time it took to deposit all that sediment.  The mountain exposure in the accompanying image is a great example.  Here, thousands of sedimentary layers, or strata accumulated one at a time, one upon the other.  Geologists tend to think of a succession like this as representing relatively continuous deposition of sediment, not necessarily uniform, but certainly continuous.  However, we also recognize that between each stratum there is probably some missing time that represents the amount of time taken to change from one set of environmental conditions to another.  For example, one layer may have been deposited as beach sand and the overlying layer in an estuary or tidal channel.  The length of time that is missing may be minutes, weeks, 100s or even 1000s of years that, from a geological perspective are like the blink of an eye. Continue reading

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How do we know which way is up #3. A philosophical interlude

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How Geologists Interpret Ancient Environments. 3  A Philosophical Interlude

You are confronted by a rocky cliff and your geologist friend tells you that these rocks formed originally in rivers that flowed through a wooded valley. How did your buddy come to this conclusion?

Interpreting ancient environments through our understanding of modern analogues Continue reading

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